Distribuição espacial e temporal de esponjas marinhas (demospongiae) na praia da Ponta do Sardim, Piaui, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract

Coastal zones are highly productive and fundamental natural areas for several species, but they are under increasing anthropogenic threat, mainly due to disorderly tourism, inadequate waste disposal and climate change including seasonal periods. Rocky shores, environments rich in biodiversity, have been widely used in ecological studies due to their sensitivity to environmental changes and because they harbor sessile organisms such as sponges. The present study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of sponges at Ponta do Sardim Beach, in the municipality of Cajueiro da Praia – Piauí, a region that is still poorly sampled. Collections were carried out in two plots in different seasonal periods: October 2024 (dry season) and February 2025 (rainy season). In plot 1, 11 specimens were recorded, while in plot 2, 7 specimens were recorded. The results indicate variations in the distribution of sponges, with a greater number of species and specimens in the dry season, which may be related to water visibility and environmental stability. Species such as Cliona celata, Haliclona spp. and Lissondendoryx isodictyalis stand out for their presence and ecological importance. The presence of distinct species among the plots reinforces the influence of seasonal factors on the composition of the communities. This study expands the knowledge about the poriferous fauna of the coast of Piauí, indicating new occurrences and indicating potential for discoveries of species not yet described. It also highlights the importance of continuing research on and conserving sensitive coastal areas, especially in regions of the Brazilian Northeast.