Qualidade da água em propriedades rurais: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract

Water quality in Brazilian rural communities has become a recurring concern, particularly in areas where families rely on local and often vulnerable water sources. In this context, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the current situation of water quality in rural properties and statistically summarize the available evidence. The research was carried out between July and September 2025 using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. After screening 80 studies, 31 articles met the eligibility criteria. The findings consistently indicated recurrent microbiological and physicochemical inadequacies: the meta-analysis showed that 61.8% of the samples reported in the studies contained fecal coliform contamination, and the mean nitrate concentration reached 11.2 mg/L, exceeding legal limits in 37% of the cases. Rainwater cisterns and shallow wells were the most frequently examined sources, particularly in semi-arid regions, where structural fragility and lack of maintenance are common. Effective strategies described in the literature included household chlorination, sand filtration, and simple sealing interventions, all of which significantly reduced turbidity and pathogenic microorganisms. Overall, the synthesis provided by the review and meta-analysis highlights the need for accessible management practices, continuous monitoring, and strengthened public policies to ensure safe water supply in rural areas.